This is similar to the Student Edition of Office. Apparently there are several schemes that microsoft live by:
The first is random testing: apparently 1 in some large number of them require you to phone/e-mail/fax etc microsoft with a proof of studentship/receipt of purchase for the required software.
The second is the registration process: as you may know, when registering by product activation, it takes down details including motherboard id, and compares it to a personal list of computer parts or similar to check what the computer is, and whether it is a prebuilt pc, etc. - some distributions may require this: no idea what happens if it fails
The third (and most common) is that OEM software is only supplied to people who sell pc components and is only available to people when they purchase a piece of hardware. (apparently a mouse is counted as an essential pice :-P)
However, sometimes none of these apply, and there are no checks at all, microsoft presume that you bought it through the third option and as a result you can in theory use it on anything: also microsoft presumes you have bought a computer/ built one to actually want to buy a new operating system: what's the point in buying it if it already came on a purchased computer!
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